VITAMIN B3 (NIACINAMIDE) + VIT B1 + VIT B2 + VIT B6 + VIT B12 + VIT A + VIT D3 + VIT E + ZINC + MAGNESIUM + D-PANTHENOL + MANGANESE + CHROMIUM + SELENIUM + BIOTIN
Vitamin B3 (niacinamide): Vitamin B3, also known as niacinamide, is a water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the B-complex group. It is an essential nutrient for the body and is involved in various physiological processes.
Niacinamide is primarily used as a dietary supplement to treat and prevent niacin deficiency. It is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as pellagra, a disease caused by niacin deficiency. Additionally, niacinamide is used topically in some skincare products because of its potential benefits for the skin.
The main mechanism of action of niacinamide is through its conversion to its active form, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism. Niacinamide is a precursor for NAD+ synthesis, and NAD+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, including the conversion of carbohydrates to energy.
The recommended daily dose of niacinamide varies depending on age, sex, and specific health conditions. For adults, the typical daily dose ranges from 14-20 mg. Higher doses may be required for individuals with specific medical conditions, as determined by a healthcare professional.
Niacinamide is generally considered safe when taken within recommended daily doses. However, high doses may cause certain side effects, including flushing or redness of the skin, itching, and a sensation of warmth. These side effects are more commonly associated with another form of vitamin B3, called niacin, which is known to cause flushing. Niacinamide has a lower risk of causing flushing but can still cause it in some individuals at high doses.
It is important to note that niacinamide may interact with certain medications or medical conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting niacinamide supplementation, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or if you are taking other medications.
Overall, niacinamide is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. It is primarily used to treat and prevent niacin deficiency and is generally safe when taken within recommended doses. However, it is always important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper guidance before starting any new supplementation.
Vit B1: Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It is an essential nutrient required by the body for maintaining proper nerve and heart function.
Thiamine is involved in converting food into energy by enabling the enzymes to perform their functions. It helps in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary energy carrier in cells. Thiamine is also important for the normal functioning of the nervous system as it is needed for the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
The primary use of vitamin B1 is to prevent and treat thiamine deficiency, which can lead to a condition known as beriberi. Thiamine deficiency is relatively rare in developed countries but can occur in individuals with chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, and certain medical conditions like HIV/AIDS.
Thiamine is available in different forms, including tablets, capsules, injections, and oral solutions. The appropriate dosage of vitamin B1 varies depending on the age, sex, and individual’s health condition. For adults, the recommended daily intake of thiamine is around 1.1 mg for women and 1.2 mg for men.
Vitamin B1 is generally considered safe when taken orally as directed. However, there may be some side effects associated with high-dose thiamine supplementation. Commonly reported side effects include upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic reactions. In rare cases, high doses of thiamine may cause anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention.
It’s worth noting that vitamin B1 supplementation is not recommended for individuals who are allergic to thiamine or have hypersensitivity to the drug. Additionally, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplementation to determine the appropriate dosage and identify any potential interactions with other medications or medical conditions.
Vit B2: Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the production of energy and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. It is an essential nutrient required for normal growth and development and is involved in various cellular processes in the body.
Vitamin B2 is commonly used as a dietary supplement to treat or prevent deficiencies. It is also used in combination with other vitamins to support overall health and well-being. Riboflavin is found naturally in certain foods like milk, eggs, lean meats, green leafy vegetables, and fortified cereals, but dietary sources may not always provide adequate amounts of the vitamin.
The mechanism of action of Vitamin B2 involves its conversion into bioactive coenzymes, namely flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). These coenzymes play a vital role in various metabolic reactions, including energy production through the electron transport chain. FAD and FMN are involved in multiple enzymes that participate in redox reactions, making Vitamin B2 essential for numerous physiological processes.
The recommended daily dose of Vitamin B2 depends on age, sex, and health conditions. For adults, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) is around 1.3-1.7 mg for males and 1.1-1.3 mg for females. Higher doses may be prescribed by healthcare professionals in certain situations, such as Vitamin B2 deficiency or specific health conditions.
Vitamin B2 is generally considered safe when taken within recommended doses. However, excessive intake does not provide additional benefits and is usually excreted by the body. Side effects are rare but can include urine discoloration (turning it bright yellow), diarrhea, increased urination, itching, or numbness. These effects are usually temporary and harmless.
It is important to consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian before starting any supplement, as they can provide guidance on the appropriate dosage based on individual needs, medical history, and current medications.
Vit B6: Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the B-complex group of vitamins. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Vitamin B6 is commonly used as a dietary supplement to treat or prevent vitamin B6 deficiency, which can occur in individuals with certain medical conditions or those who have a poor diet. Additionally, it is sometimes prescribed for the management of specific conditions such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), morning sickness during pregnancy, and certain types of anemia.
The mechanism of action of vitamin B6 is primarily related to its role as a coenzyme in many enzymatic reactions involved in protein metabolism. It is necessary for the proper functioning of over 100 enzymes involved in various biochemical processes in the body.
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamin B6 varies depending on age, sex, and specific health conditions. For adults between 19-50 years old, the RDA is 1.3 mg for men and women. During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 1.9 mg, and for lactating women, it increases to 2 mg.
While vitamin B6 is generally safe when taken in appropriate doses, excessive supplementation can result in adverse effects. Some common side effects of high doses of vitamin B6 include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, loss of appetite, headache, and tingling sensation in the hands and feet. Long-term excessive intake can lead to nerve damage known as peripheral neuropathy.
It is important to note that vitamin B6 can interact with certain medications, such as certain anti-seizure medications, levodopa (used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease), and certain antibiotics. Therefore, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplementation to avoid potential drug interactions and to ensure the appropriate dosage.
Vit B12: Drug: Vit B12 (Vitamin B12)
Use: Vitamin B12 is used as a dietary supplement, and to treat vitamin B12 deficiency. It is also used in the treatment of certain types of anemia and nerve damage.
Mechanism of Action: Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in the synthesis of DNA, as well as the normal functioning of the nervous system. It is essential for the formation of red blood cells and the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of a substance called intrinsic factor, which is produced by the stomach.
Dose: The dosage of vitamin B12 may vary depending on the severity of the deficiency or the specific condition being treated. The recommended daily intake for adults is around 2.4 micrograms. In cases of deficiency, higher doses may be necessary and can range from 100-1000 micrograms. Vitamin B12 is available in various forms including oral tablets, injections, and nasal sprays.
Side Effects: Vitamin B12 is generally considered safe and well-tolerated when taken at recommended dosages. However, some individuals may experience mild side effects such as nausea, headache, dizziness, and diarrhea. Allergic reactions are rare but can occur. Prolonged and excessive use of vitamin B12 supplements can lead to hypervitaminosis, which may cause symptoms such as skin rash, itching, or even neurological problems.
It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any vitamin B12 supplementation, especially if you have any pre-existing medical conditions or are taking other medications.
Vit A: Drug: Vitamin A
Use: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for various physiological processes in the body. It is primarily used to treat vitamin A deficiency, which can lead to vision problems, weakened immunity, and growth retardation. It is also used in the treatment of certain skin conditions, such as acne and psoriasis.
Mechanism of Action: Vitamin A plays a critical role in maintaining vision, cell growth, and differentiation. It is converted to its active form, retinoic acid, which binds to specific nuclear receptors in target cells. This activation of the receptors regulates gene expression, promoting cellular differentiation, and growth.
Dose: The recommended daily intake of vitamin A varies depending on age, sex, and specific health conditions. For adults, it is usually around 600-900 micrograms of retinol activity equivalents (RAE) per day. However, in the treatment of vitamin A deficiency or certain medical conditions, higher doses may be prescribed by a healthcare professional.
Side Effects: While vitamin A is generally safe when taken as recommended, excessive intake can lead to vitamin toxicity, known as hypervitaminosis A. Symptoms of hypervitaminosis A may include nausea, headache, dizziness, fatigue, dry skin, bone and joint pain, and in severe cases, liver damage. Pregnant women are particularly advised to avoid excessive vitamin A intake, as it can harm the developing fetus. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult a healthcare professional before starting any vitamin A supplements.
Vit D3: Vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol, is a synthetic form of vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of bone health and the regulation of calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. It is primarily used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat vitamin D deficiency.
The main mechanism of action of vitamin D3 is its conversion into its active form, calcitriol, in the liver and kidneys. Calcitriol then binds to vitamin D receptors in the intestines, bones, and kidneys, promoting the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the diet, as well as their reabsorption from the kidneys. This ultimately helps in the formation and maintenance of strong bones and teeth.
The recommended dose of vitamin D3 varies depending on age, sex, and the presence of underlying medical conditions. However, a commonly recommended dose for adults is typically around 1000-2000 international units (IU) per day. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional or follow the recommended dosage instructions on the product packaging.
Vitamin D3 is generally considered safe when taken in appropriate doses. However, like any medication, it can have potential side effects. Some common side effects include nausea, vomiting, constipation, loss of appetite, increased thirst, and increased urination. In rare cases, excessive vitamin D3 supplementation can lead to vitamin D toxicity, causing symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, confusion, heart rhythm disturbances, and kidney problems.
Individuals with certain medical conditions, such as hypercalcemia, kidney disease, or certain types of cancers, may need to be cautious while taking vitamin D3 supplements and should consult with a healthcare professional beforehand.
It’s important to note that the information provided here is a general overview and should not replace proper medical advice. If you are considering taking vitamin D3 or any other medication, it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional who can assess your specific needs and provide appropriate guidance.
Vit E: Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for the body’s proper functioning. It is commonly found in various foods such as nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin E is also available in supplement form.
Use:
Vitamin E is primarily used as a dietary supplement to ensure that the body receives an adequate amount of this essential nutrient. It is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Additionally, Vitamin E is believed to have potential benefits for various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, eye disorders, and certain neurological conditions. It may also be used topically for skincare purposes.
Mechanism of Action:
As an antioxidant, Vitamin E helps neutralize harmful free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress and damage to cells. By doing so, Vitamin E assists in maintaining the integrity of cell membranes and protecting the body’s tissues from oxidative damage.
Dose:
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of Vitamin E varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. For adults, the average RDA is 15 milligrams (22 IU) per day. However, higher doses may be recommended for individuals with specific health conditions or deficiencies. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage provided by healthcare professionals or the instructions provided on the supplement bottle.
Side Effects:
Vitamin E is generally considered safe when consumed within the recommended dosage range. However, high doses of Vitamin E supplements can potentially cause adverse effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances like diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps. Some individuals may also experience allergic reactions. Since Vitamin E is fat-soluble, excessive intake can lead to an accumulation of the vitamin in the body, which may interfere with blood clotting. People on blood-thinning medications should consult their healthcare provider before taking Vitamin E supplements to avoid potential interactions.
It is important to note that while Vitamin E supplements are widely available, it is generally recommended to obtain nutrients from a balanced diet rather than relying solely on supplements. If you are considering taking any supplements, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional.
Zinc: Drug: Zinc
Use: Zinc is a dietary mineral that is essential for various physiological functions in the body. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to promote overall health and to prevent or treat zinc deficiency. Zinc supplements are also used to boost the immune system and aid in the treatment of conditions such as the common cold, diarrhea, and age-related macular degeneration.
Mechanism of Action: Zinc is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in the body and plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism and immune function. It helps in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins, and is involved in cell division and growth. Zinc also acts as an antioxidant, protecting the body from oxidative damage.
Dose: The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and overall health. For adults, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for zinc is around 8 to 11 milligrams for men and 8 milligrams for women. However, higher doses may be recommended for specific conditions or as directed by a healthcare professional.
Side Effects: Zinc is generally safe when taken within recommended doses. However, excessive intake or long-term use of high-dose zinc supplements can lead to adverse effects. Common side effects of zinc supplementation include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and a metallic taste in the mouth. High doses may also interfere with the absorption of other minerals such as copper, leading to copper deficiency. Prolonged use of high-dose zinc supplements without medical supervision can also weaken the immune system and impair the body’s ability to fight infections. It is important to follow the recommended dosing guidelines and consult with a healthcare professional before starting zinc supplementation.
Magnesium: Magnesium is a mineral that is essential for the proper functioning of the body. It is commonly used as a medication for various conditions.
Use: Magnesium is used to treat or prevent low levels of magnesium in the body. It is also used for conditions such as heartburn, indigestion, constipation, and muscle cramps. Magnesium can be prescribed by a doctor or available over the counter as a dietary supplement.
Mechanism of action: Magnesium works by regulating and balancing the levels of various minerals in the body, including calcium, potassium, and sodium. It helps in the proper functioning of muscles, nerves, and organs in the body.
Dose: The dosage of magnesium varies depending on the condition being treated and the form of the medication (oral, intravenous, etc.). It is important to follow the instructions provided by the healthcare provider or the directions on the product label. The recommended daily intake for adults is typically around 300-400 mg, but this can differ depending on individual needs.
Side effects: While magnesium is generally safe when taken in appropriate doses, it can cause some side effects. Common side effects include diarrhea, stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting. Taking too much magnesium can lead to an excessive buildup in the body, which can cause serious side effects such as irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, confusion, and difficulty breathing. It is important to seek medical attention if any severe side effects are experienced.
It is important to note that magnesium can interact with certain medications, such as antibiotics and blood pressure medications. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting magnesium supplementation or medication.
D-Panthenol: D-Panthenol is a medication that belongs to the vitamin B5 group. It is also known as provitamin B5 and dexpanthenol. D-Panthenol is available in various forms, including oral tablets, injectable solutions, and topical creams or ointments.
This drug is primarily used for its potential in promoting wound healing and skin hydration. It is commonly employed in the treatment of dry, damaged, or irritated skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, and sunburns. D-Panthenol works by converting into pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) when applied or ingested. Pantothenic acid is an essential component of coenzyme A, which plays a vital role in several metabolic processes involved in the synthesis of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and certain hormones.
The dose of D-Panthenol varies depending on the form and condition being treated. For topical application, the cream or ointment is usually applied to the affected area 2-4 times a day. For oral administration, the usual dose is around 250-500 mg per day. Injectable solutions are typically administered by healthcare professionals.
D-Panthenol is generally considered safe and well-tolerated when used as directed. However, like any medication, it can potentially cause side effects. Common side effects include skin irritation, redness, or rash at the application site. In rare cases, allergic reactions such as itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing may occur. If any severe or persistent side effects are experienced, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
Overall, D-Panthenol is a widely used medication for its beneficial effects on wound healing and skin hydration. However, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before starting any new medication to ensure its suitability for individual circumstances.
Manganese: Manganese is a naturally occurring mineral that is essential for the normal functioning of the human body. It is classified as an essential trace element, meaning that it is required in small amounts for normal physiological processes.
The primary use of manganese is in dietary supplements, where it is often combined with other minerals and vitamins to support overall health. It is important for the formation of connective tissue, normal bone development, and the metabolism of carbohydrates, cholesterol, and amino acids. Manganese also has antioxidant properties and is involved in the production of enzymes that are essential for the body’s antioxidant defense system.
In terms of its mechanism of action, manganese functions as a cofactor for several enzymes, playing a crucial role in their activation and function. These enzymes are involved in various metabolic processes, including the synthesis of certain hormones and neurotransmitters.
The recommended daily dose of manganese for adults is typically around 2-5 mg, although the specific dosage can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, and individual health needs. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any manganese supplementation regimen to determine the appropriate dose for your specific situation.
While manganese is generally considered safe when taken in recommended doses, excessive intake can lead to adverse effects. High levels of manganese in the body can cause neurotoxicity, leading to symptoms such as tremors, muscle rigidity, and cognitive impairments. Prolonged exposure to high levels of manganese has been associated with a condition known as manganism, which can lead to Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms.
It is worth noting that the majority of people obtain sufficient manganese through their regular diet, as it is found in various foods such as nuts, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and legumes. Therefore, supplementation is generally only necessary for individuals with specific deficiencies or medical conditions that warrant additional manganese intake.
Overall, while manganese is an important mineral for normal body function, it is important to use it cautiously and under the guidance of a healthcare professional to avoid excessive intake and potential side effects.
Chromium: Chromium is a trace mineral found in small amounts in the human body and in some foods. It is widely used as a dietary supplement primarily for its potential role in managing blood sugar levels.
The primary use of Chromium is for people with diabetes or prediabetes as it has been suggested to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. It is believed to facilitate the movement of glucose from the bloodstream into cells, where it can be used as energy. However, research on the effectiveness of chromium supplementation in diabetic patients is mixed, and more studies are needed to establish its benefits definitively.
The mechanism of action of Chromium is not fully understood. It is thought to enhance the activity of insulin receptors, thereby improving the uptake of glucose by cells. Additionally, chromium may also play a role in lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and DNA function.
Chromium is available in various forms, including chromium picolinate, chromium polynicotinate, and chromium chloride. The typical dose ranges from 50 to 200 mcg per day for most individuals, although higher doses may be recommended under medical supervision for specific conditions.
Most people tolerate chromium supplementation well, with few side effects reported. However, some possible side effects include headaches, dizziness, and gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea, stomach pain, or diarrhea. High doses of chromium may also lead to kidney or liver damage. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplementation regimen to determine the appropriate dosage and ensure it is safe for you, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.
Selenium: Selenium is a trace mineral that is naturally found in soil, water, and some foods. It is an essential nutrient required for various physiological processes in the human body. In the pharmaceutical industry, selenium is primarily used as a dietary supplement.
Selenium acts as a cofactor for different enzymes involved in antioxidant defense systems, thyroid hormone metabolism, and immune function. It plays a crucial role in neutralizing harmful free radicals, promoting DNA synthesis, and supporting the healthy functioning of the reproductive system.
The recommended daily intake of selenium varies depending on age, sex, and overall health. In general, adults should aim to consume approximately 55-70 micrograms (mcg) per day. However, it is important to note that excessive selenium intake can cause toxicity, so it is crucial to follow the recommended dosage and consult a healthcare professional if in doubt.
Though selenium is generally considered safe when taken within the recommended dosage, excessive intake or prolonged use can lead to selenium toxicity. Symptoms of selenium toxicity may include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, brittle nails, skin rashes, abdominal pain, garlic-like breath odor, and neurological abnormalities.
It is worth mentioning that selenium supplementation should be approached with caution, and individuals should prioritize obtaining selenium from a balanced diet that includes foods such as Brazil nuts, seafood, organ meats, whole grains, and vegetables. As with any dietary supplement, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before starting selenium supplementation to ensure proper dosage and safety.
Biotin: Biotin, also known as vitamin H or vitamin B7, is a water-soluble B-vitamin that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in various metabolic pathways.
One of the primary uses of biotin is for the treatment of biotin deficiency, which is a rare condition often caused by certain genetic disorders, prolonged antibiotic use, or excessive consumption of raw egg whites. Biotin deficiency can lead to symptoms such as hair loss, skin rash, brittle nails, fatigue, and neurological abnormalities.
Biotin is also commonly used as a supplement to improve the strength and health of hair, skin, and nails. Furthermore, due to its involvement in energy metabolism, biotin has been suggested as a potential supplement for promoting healthy blood sugar levels.
The exact mechanism of action of biotin is not fully understood, but it is known to act as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the synthesis or breakdown of key macronutrients. This includes the activation of enzymes responsible for the conversion of glucose into energy, the breakdown of fatty acids, and the synthesis of amino acids.
The recommended daily intake of biotin varies depending on age and specific health conditions. However, for most adults, a daily dose of 30 to 100 micrograms is considered sufficient, while higher doses may be recommended for individuals with biotin deficiency or under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Biotin is generally safe and well-tolerated when taken within the recommended dosage range. Side effects are rare, but some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, cramping, or diarrhea. It is important to note that biotin supplements may interfere with certain laboratory tests, such as those used to measure hormone levels or thyroid function, so it is advisable to inform healthcare providers about biotin supplementation before undergoing such tests.
Overall, biotin is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in various metabolic processes. It is primarily used to treat biotin deficiency and is commonly taken as a supplement to enhance the health of hair, skin, and nails.
